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\def\teX{\null\kern1.5pt\TeX}
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\hbox to 10.95\varunit{\hfill \bfl Introducing \TeX\trademark \hfill}
\hbox to 15.50\varunit{\null\hfill\null}
\teX\ is a computerized typesetting system that is regularly used for
technical papers,
business forms, letters, theses, concert programs,
catalogues, and books of all sorts and in particular those that are
technical and highly mathematical. \teX\ was created by Professor Donald
E. Knuth and his associates and students at Stanford University.  The
current version has been completely rewritten by Professor Knuth 
with many new features after
several years of operating experience with the earlier versions on many
different~computer~systems.
\hbox to 30.4\varunit{\null\hfill\null}
\The\ \TeX\ system has been standardized
to produce identical results on different computer systems and it will run
on any reasonably large system.  The \TeX\ output is portable, either via
a computer network or on magnetic media. It may be printed on
a graphics printer of modest capabilities for proofing and then the same output may
be used with a higher quality printer or phototypesetting system to
produce the final document.}
\vbox{\hfill\box0\hfill}

%\footnote{}{\null\kern-9pt \trademark \TeX\ is a trademark of the American
\footnote{}{\lower.2ex\hbox{\trademark} \TeX\ is a trademark of the American
Mathematical Society.}
\hyphenpenalty=50
\bigskip
\fl{How does \TeX\ differ from other document compilers}
\TeX\ provides for automatic ligature replacements, kerning, hyphenation,
line justification, centering, flushing right or left, tabular aligning,
the formatting of complicated mathematical expressions, automatic section and page
numbering, page breaking, the introduction of running heads, the numbering
and placing of footnotes, and the automatic preparation of a table of contents and an
index, to name but a few of its special features.
As many as 256 different fonts with up to 256 characters per font may be
used for a single document.

\TeX\ differs from other document compilers in that it performs 
all of the above functions, while meeting the highest typographic standards, and
at the same time it provides
an extremely great amount of flexibility to allow formatting of a
wide range of document types and styles, subject only to the detailed
requirements of the user.
Flexibility is achieved by the use of a comprehensive set
of low-level typographic primitives and by mechanisms that allow these
primitives to be used for the creation of higher-level constructs,
called `{\sl macros}', that the user may write, or
that come supplied as `{\sl macro packages}'.

A basic {\sl macro package},
{\tt PLAIN.TEX}, is supplied by Stanford and suffices for most elementary formatting
needs (such, for example, as preparing this information sheet).
Several very useful {\sl macro
packages} are currently available and others are in preparation.  One of these,
called \AmSTeX, written by Michael Spivak to meet the publishing needs of
the American Mathematical Society,
is particularly well suited for mathematical texts, while another,
called \La\TeX, written by Leslie Lamport,
is intended for general documention.

\fl{What are \TeX's limitations}
\TeX\ is not a text editor,
and indeed, a conventional text or system editor is needed to produce the
file of information that is used as the input to the \TeX\ compiler.
Nor is \TeX\  an interactive, `what you see is what you get', type of
editor.
While efforts to make \TeX\ more interactive will undoubtedly be made with
time, the present emphasis has been on the
quality of output and this requires delaying line-beaking decisions
until an entire paragraph and sometimes an entire page of
text has been processed.
Programs can, of course, be written to display the compiled \TeX\ output
on most graphics terminals (usually enlarged to achieve a
reasonable resolution).
Several such display programs are already
in everyday use.

\fl{Will \TeX\ run on my computer system} 
The answer is yes, if you have a conventional computer system with at least a 32-bit
arithmetic capability and a 20-bit process address space. To produce
printed output you will need some form of matrix printer and perhaps a
specialized
driver program to translate the \TeX\ output into a form acceptable to
your printer.

The following is a partial list of computers on which \TeX\ has been installed:
$$\vbox{\halign{#\quad\hfil&&\qquad #\hfil\cr
Make&\multispan3 \phantom{AB}Computers and/or Operating Systems \cr
\noalign{\smallskip}
DEC&Vax/VMS&Vax/Unix&Tops-20\cr
HP&9826/36&1000&3000\cr
IBM&VM/CMS&MVS\cr
Data General&MV8000\cr
Honeywell&CP-6\cr
Apollo\cr
Prime\cr
}}$$

The following is a partial list of the output devices that are being used
at various \TeX\ installations, showing the range in values for the
dots/inch resolution currently employed:
$$\vbox{\halign{#\hfil&\quad \hfil #&\qquad\quad #\hfil&\quad \hfil #&
\qquad\quad #\hfil&\quad \hfil #\cr
Printer&dpi&Printer&dpi&Printer&dpi\cr
\noalign{\smallskip}
Printronix&72&
Imagen&240&
Linotron 202&975\cr
Epson&120&
Symbolics&240&
Compugraphic 8600&1300\cr
Florida Data&128&
QMS 1200&300&
Autologic APS&1440\cr
HP 2680A&180&
Xerox 9700&300&
VideoComp&1800\cr
Versatec&200&
Xerox Dover&384&
Alphatype CRS&5333\cr
Varian&200&
IBM Electro-Erosion&600\cr
}}$$

It is possible to run \TeX\ on a system that does not have a graphics printer and
then send the output to another location for printing.  Alternatively, one
can have a minimum-capacity graphics printer for proofing and then an
additional high-quality graphics printer for producing the final output.

\goodbreak
\fl{What about fonts} 
Stanford supplies the Computer Modern
fonts (generated at Stanford by means of the \META\ program), in a wide
variety of styles, sizes and dot resolutions.    Improved versions are
coming. These fonts are available as bit arrays.  The fonts contain complete
information as to ligature replacements, kerning, italic corrections,
height, depth, and width, and even more information for the math symbols.
It has
been difficult to put these fonts on certain printers, largely due to the
unwillingness of the manufacturer to supply the necessary input
information.
If fonts are supplied by others, similar size information figures to
those mentioned above should be obtained; \TeX\ will work with any fonts.

The \META\ program is currently being rewritten in {\tt WEB} and will contain many 
improvements. The existing version is written in the {\tt SAIL} language and is
not easily transported. The revised \META\ will enable \TeX\ users to design their
own fonts for special purposes and for different languages.

\fl{How do I get \TeX\ and what does it cost}
The source code for \TeX\ has been put in the public domain and it is
available on magnetic tape for a nominal fee.
Arrangements have been made with Maria Code
of DP Services at 1371 Sydney Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94087, to supply tapes
and hard copy documentation as listed on the attached order form.

Most installations will  be able to get the already-compiled code
for \TeX\ from DP Services or, for less popular systems,
from another user who happens to have the same type of computer (running
under the same operating system) and who has already processed the
original source code
for his computer. Such services are sometimes provided
at cost although some organizations may make a supplementary charge.

\TeX\ has been protected by copyright to prevent the basic program from
being tampered with by others and to ensure compatible output on different
systems.  A `{\sl change file}' mechanism in the original source language
({\tt WEB})
allows \TeX\ to be modified as
it is being precompiled so that it will meet those specific computer-system
requirements that vary between systems.  Several {\sl macro packages},
{\sl change files}, and printer-driver programs, which have been put in the
public domain and made available to Stanford, are also distributed by
Maria Code, again at essentially their reproduction cost.

\fl{What is {\tt WEB}}
{\tt WEB} is a new language, created specifically for \TeX, that provides  
 a superstructure to the {\tt PASCAL} language. This allows
for the intertwining of the code with the detailed explanation of its
function so that no supplementary internal documentation need be provided. 
 The {\tt WEB}
language also provides a macro facility that is not normally available in
{\tt PASCAL}.  This allows the code to be written in small, logically simple but
interrelated modules, that are both easier to write and easier to
understand and that can be written in any desired order as dictated by the
logical development of the essential ideas involved.
This language sets a new standard for structured documentation.

Two precompilers are provided. One precompiler, called {\tt TANGLE}, expands all
of the {\tt WEB} macros, extracts and rearranges the {\tt PASCAL} code segments and
produces a {\tt PASCAL} source file that is in the necessary form to
permit its direct compilation by the usual {\tt PASCAL} compiler.  The second
precompiler, called {\tt WEAVE}, introduces the necessary control information,
numbers the modules, prepares an extensive cross-reference index, and takes care
of all the essential details so that \TeX\ can then be used to produce a
``pretty printed'' indexed version of the original source information with due
attention being given to page layout and the use of indentation, italics,
bold face, etc.

\fl{How did \TeX\ come to be written}

The need for a program like \TeX\ 
was conceived by Professor Donald E. Knuth as a result of his
dissatisfaction with the available quality of typographic work that was
available for his ``Art of Computer Programming'' series of books and as
a result of a scholarly study that he made of the field of typography.

While\ \TeX\ and {\tt WEB} are
largely the creation of Professor Knuth,
many of his
present and former graduate students have contributed ideas, programming
and debugging work during the period dating from the summer of 1977 when Michael
F. Plass and Frank M. Liang designed and coded a prototype based on some
specifications that Professor Knuth had made in April of that year.  The
first complete version of \TeX\ was coded by Professor Knuth in late 1977 and
early 1978. The
beginnings of the {\tt WEB} system were suggested by Professor Knuth and Luis
Trabb Pardo in 1979 and \TeX\ was completely rewritten
in this pre-{\tt WEB} language by Ignacio A. Zabala in 1979 and 1980.
David R. Fuchs has made major contributions to all part of the system.
This work has been supported by Stanford University, the System
Development Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Office of
Naval Research, and IBM.

\fl{How can I get more information}

The best source of general information is in ``TUGboat'', the \TeX\ Users
Group newsletter. To become a member of TUG, send \$20 (\$25 if outside of
North America) to TUG, c/o~the American Mathematical Society, P.O. Box
1571, Annex Station, Providence, RI 02901.

``The \TeX book'', written by Professor
Knuth and published by Addison-Wesley, is a must for both the novice and
the expert (493pp, incl index, ISBN 0-201-13448-9).
A modest introduction to the mysteries of \TeX\ is contained in the 34-page
booklet ``First Grade \TeX, A Beginner's \TeX\ Manual'', written by 
Arthur L. Samuel.


\def\sign{\null\phantom{a}\lower.25truein
\hbox{{$\scriptstyle\sevensy ALS$} \sevenrm 1-25-84}}
\footline={\ifnum \pageno=4 \lastpage \else \normpage\fi}
\def\lastpage{\phantom{\sign}\hfil \folio \hfil \sign}
\def\normpage{\hfil \folio \hfil}

{\bf boldface}
{\it text italic\/}
{\teni math$\;$italic\/}
{$\cal CALLIGRAPHIC$}
{\tt typewriter}
{\sl slanted roman\/}
{\amss sans serif}
{\amssi sans serif slanted\/}
{\amu unslanted$\;$text$\;$italic\/}
{\Dunh Dunhill}
{$\alpha \beta \gamma \delta$}
{\amsltt slanted typewriter\/}
{\amssbx sans serif bold}

\bye

\fl{What are \TeX's limitations}
\TeX\ is not a text editor,
and indeed, a conventional text or system editor is needed to produce the
file of information that is used as the input to the \TeX\ compiler.
Nor is \TeX\  an interactive, `what you see is what you get', type of
editor.
Displaying the output as it is being created would be quite useless most
of the time since the final breaking of the text into lines depends upon
everything in the paragraph and even, sometimes, on every thing on an
entire page.
Programs can, of course, be written to display the compiled \TeX\ output
on most graphics terminals (usually shown somewhat enlarged to achieve a
reasonable dot resolution).
Several such display programs are already
in everyday use.

\rightline{\sign}


{\bf boldface}
{\it text italic\/}
{\teni math$\;$italic\/}
{$+-*\pm=\equiv\ne\le\gg\neg$}
{\tt typewriter}
{\sl slanted roman\/}
{\amss sans serif}
%{\amssi sans serif italic\/}
\centerline{{\amssi sans serif slanted\/}
{\amu unslanted$\;$text$\;$italic\/}
{\Dunh Dunhill}
{\amsltt slanted typewriter\/}
%{\amssbx sans serif bold extended}
{\amssbx sans serif bold}}




It is, of course, possible to have an output program that will display
\TeX's output on a graphics terminal and several such display programs are
already in everyday use.

It is possible to run \TeX\ on systems that do not have adequate printer
facilities and then to send the \TeX\ output to another location for
printing. It is becoming increasingly popular to have a minimum capability
printer associated with the computer and to have an additional
high-quality printer for producing the final output.

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\footline={hfill}
\hbox to 10.95\varunit{\hfill \bfl Introducing \TeX\trademark \hfill}
\hbox to 15.50\varunit{\null\hfill\null}
\TeX\ is a computerized typesetting system that is regularly used for
technical papers,
business letters, business forms, concert programs,
catalogues, and books of all sorts and in particular those that are
technical and highly mathematical.  \TeX\ was created by Professor Donald
E. Knuth and his associates and students at Stanford University.  The
current version has been completely rewritten by Professor Knuth 
with many new features after
several years of operating experience with the earlier versions on many
different~computer~systems.
\hbox to 30.4\varunit{\null\hfill\null}
The \TeX\ system has been standardized
to produce identical results on different computer systems and it will run
on any reasonably large system.  The \TeX\ output is portable, either via
a computer network or on magnetic media. It may be printed on
a graphics printer of modest capabilities for proofing and then the same output may
be used with a higher quality printer or phototypesetting system to
produce the final document.}
\vbox{\hfill\box0\hfill}

\footnote{}{\trademark\ \TeX\ is a registered trademark of the American
Mathematical Society.}
\hyphenpenalty=50
\bigskip
\fl{How does \TeX\ differ from other document compilers}
\TeX\ differs from troff, Runoff, Script, Scribe and
other document compilers in that it
provides an extremely great amount of flexibility to allow formatting of a
wide range of document types and styles, subject only to the detailed requirements of
the user.  This flexibility is achieved by the use of a comprehensive set
of low-level typographic primitives and by mechanisms that allow these
primitives to be used for the creation of higher-level constructs,
called `{\sl macros}', that the user may write, or
that come supplied as `{\sl macro packages}'.

A basic {\sl macro package},
{\tt PLAIN.TEX}, is supplied by Stanford and suffices for most elementary formatting
needs (such, for example, as preparing this information sheet).
Several very useful {\sl macro
packages} are currently available and others are in preparation.  One of these,
called AMS-\TeX, written by Michael Spivak to meet the publishing needs of the
The Americal Mathematical Society,
is particularly well suited for mathematical texts, while another,
called \La\TeX, written by Leslie Lamport,
may appeal more to the casual user.

\TeX\ provides for automatic ligature replacements, kerning, hyphenation,
line justification, centering, flushing right or left, tabular aligning,
the formatting of complicated mathematical expressions, automatic section and page
numbering, page breaking, the introduction of running heads, the numbering
and placing of footnotes, and the automatic preparation of a table of contents and an
index, to name but a few of the special features.
As many as 256 different fonts with up to 256 characters per font may be
used for a single document.